4-METHYLIMIDAZOLE (4-MEI) is a simple nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, and recently classified as group 2B by Interna onal Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Caramel coloring is widely applied food coloring in many food products including coffee, carbonated beverages, beer and wine. In present study, γ-irradia on was applied to Caramel Color III to reduce the level of 4-MEI without color changes. Caramel coloring III was ɣ-irradiated with 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 50 and 100 kGy. Non-irradiated caramel coloring was served as a control. The level of 4-MEI and color were analyzed on all caramel coloring. The concentra on of 4-MEI in the non-irradiated caramel coloring was 714. 9 mg/kg. The level of 4-MEI in caramel coloring was significantly reduced from 3 kGy ɣ-irradiated caramel coloring (p<0. 05). A7er 100 kGy irradia on, the amount of 4-MEI in caramel color was at 658 mg/kg, which equates 7. 9% reduc on from non-irradiated sample. No color change was observed on irradiated and non-irradiated caramel coloring (p>0. 05). Therefore, γ-irradia on could be used as an alterna ve processing method to improve the quality of caramel coloring by reducing 4-MEI content without its color change.

In this paper, we aim to report the effects of catalyst (types and concentrations) on the fracture mechanics of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) based thermosets. ESO resin was thermally cured using methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride curing agent in the presence of two types of catalysts, i.e., tetraethylammonium bromide and 2-ethyl-4-METHYLIMIDAZOLE (EMI). The loading of the catalysts varied from 0.3 to 0.8 phr. The fracture behaviour of ESO thermoset was examined on the basis of the principle of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and essential work of fracture (EWF). LEFM measurements were performed using single-edge notched tensile and double-edge notched tensile (DENT) tests, while, EWF measurements were carried out using DENT tests. The fracture morphologies of the ESO thermosets were characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopy. It was determined that the plane-strain fracture toughness (K IC), the specific EWF (w e), and the specific plastic fracture work (bw p) of ESO thermosets were significantly influenced by the types and loading of catalysts. In addition, the fracture toughness properties were associated with the crosslink density of the ESO thermosets. In addition, it was found that the brittle–ductile transition of EMI-catalyzed ESO thermosets can be assessed by the combination of LEFM and EWF in the fracture toughness measurement.

A one-pot synthesis of dimethyl-{3-methyl-2-[(alkoxycarbonyl) anilino]-2, 3-dihydro-1Himidazol-1-yl)}-2-butenedioatesanddimethyl-2-[(alkoxycarbonyl)anilino]-2-butenedioates derivatives via reactions between dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, 1-METHYLIMIDAZOLEand N- phenylcarbamates is described. The mild reaction condition, simple mixing of the starting materials and good yields exhibit the synthetic advantage of this method.

Two series (a and b) of N-substituted heteroaromatic compounds related to clotrimazole were synthesized. Imidazole ring of the clotrimazole was replaced by 2-METHYLIMIDAZOLE in series a, and by 2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole in series b. Ocholortrityl moiety of clotrimazole was also replaced by trityl, mono or dimethoxy trityl. Chemical structures of all the new compounds were confirmed by spectrophotometric methods. These compounds docked into the active site of MT-CYP51 (PDB code, 1E9X) using Autodock tools software which showed good affinity for the enzyme. Antifungal activities of these compounds were evaluated against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and Candida albicans using SC, SCC and PDA as media, CHCl3 and DMSO as solvents and agar dilution assay as method. In this method 1(4-methoxyphenyl-diphenylmethyl)-2-methyl imidazole (2), 1[bis-4-methoxyphenyl-phenylmethyl]-2-methyl imidazole (3) and 1[4-methoxyphenyl-diphenylmethyl]-2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole (5) showed more than 75% activity against fungi. In the second step all of the derivatives also were evaluated against Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and Epidermaphyton floccosum using PDA medium by agar dilution method. Compound 2 showed more than 75% activity by this method. Then the most active analogue (2) was tested in RPMI 1640 medium which showed desirable biological activity in comparison to clotrimazole.